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RESEARCH PAPER: ANALYSING DEVANAGRI TYPEFACE | 2021

SCRIPT

India is a nation with a broadened culture, network, religion, and dialects. There are all out twenty-two authority dialects in India & thirteen contents are utilized to keep in touch with them. In the accompanying area, a short layout about authentic Indic dialects and contents is given.
Roman Script - It is utilized to compose the English language which is a global language. This content is a relative of the old Proto-Indo-European language family. Around 328 million individuals in our nation utilize this language as a correspondence medium. Devanagari Script - Hindi is one of the most famous dialects in India which utilizes this content. This language is under the Indo-European language family. In India, around 182 million individuals dwelling in the northern part utilize this language as their correspondence medium.
Bangla Script - Bangla language is one of the most mainstream dialects in India. It is spoken by 181 million populace of India living predominantly in the province of West Bengal. The language is begun from the Indo-European language family.
Telugu Script - This content is utilized by Telugu language and is ordered under the Dravidian gathering of language family. It is the state language of Andhra Pradesh.
Tamil Script - The Tamil language utilizes Tamil content for composing. It is the state language of Tamil Nadu. This language is started from the Dravidian gathering of dialects. About 65.7 million of the Indian populace utilize Tamil as a mechanism of correspondence. Urdu Script - Urdu content is utilized to compose the Urdu language. This language is started from the Indo-European gathering of the language family. It is the state language of Jammu and Kashmir.
Gujarati Script - The Gujarati language is one of the most famous dialects in India. About 46.5 million Indian individuals essentially living in the territories like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh utilize this language as their mechanism of correspondence.
Malayalam Script - About 35.9 million Indian people living mainly in the states of Kerala and nearby sides use this language. This language belongs to the Dravidian language family group.
Oriya Script - Oriya script is used by the Oriya language. This language is originated from the Indo-European group of the language family. Oriya is also the state language of the state of Orissa.
Kashmiri Script - The Kashmiri language utilizes Kashmiri content for composing and it is started from the Indo-European language family. About 5.6 million individuals living in Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir Valley, Punjab, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh utilize this language as a medium of communication.
Dogri Script - Dogri language falls under the Indo-European language family. About 3.8 million people living in the area of Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh, and West Bengal use this language as their medium of communication.
Kannada Script - This script is used by the Kannada language. About 3.63 million Indian people mainly residing in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra use this language as their communication medium.
Gurumukhi Script - This content is utilized by the Punjabi language which has a place with Indo-European language gathering of the language family. This is the state language of Punjab and about 1.05 million Indian individuals utilize this language as their communication medium.

FEATURES

1. Phoneme Set : Indian dialects have a more advanced thought of a character unit or Akshara that shapes the key etymological unit. An Akshara comprises 0, 1, 2, or 3 consonants and a vowel. Words are comprised of at least one Aksharas. Each Akshara can be articulated freely as the dialects are totally phonetic. Akshara with more than one consonant is called samyuktaksharas or combo-characters. The remainder of the consonants is the principle one out of a samyuktakshara. All Indian dialects have basically a similar letter set got from the Sanskrit letter set. These normal letters in order contain 33 consonants and 15 vowels in like manner practice. Extra 3- 4 consonants and 2-3 vowels are utilized in explicit dialects or in the traditional types of others. This distinction isn't exceptionally critical by and by. Singular consonants and vowels structure the fundamental letters of the letter set.
2. Diverse Grapheme’s : Every language utilizes various contents comprising of different graphemes for printing. Accordingly, printed matter in different contents is distant to the perusers of one content. The Devanagari content is the most extensively utilized one, being utilized to compose Hindi, Marathi, Konkani, and Nepali, the language of neighboring Nepal. Various contents utilize various ways of thinking for the individual grapheme and their blends. Some have a head-line that endures for an entire word. Others have non-contacting graphemes. The grapheme of one of the consonants is ordinarily at the core of the printed Akshara. The vowel shows up as a matra or vowel modifier. These can appear to the left, right, above, or beneath it or in mixes.
3. Reduplication : All dialects utilize reduplicated structure in shifting degrees and for various capacities, broad utilization of reduplication is a specific attribute of Indian Languages. In this part, we present a review of the various types of duplicative articulations found in the subcontinent. This sets the setting for the reverberation developments, which will be presented in the following segment. Information on reverberation.

ORIGIN

Devanagari advanced from the Brahmi content. The word Devanagari has been a riddle to researchers, there is speculation that it very well may be a blend of two Sanskrit words 'Deva' and 'Nagari'. In a real sense, it consolidates to frame 'City of Gods', 'Content of Gods'. Devanagari, an improvement of the Brahmi arrangement of phonetics, is the main content that has explicit signs for the phonetically orchestrated hints of the human discourse, and it is adaptable enough to compose unfamiliar sounds by connecting imprints to the closer grapheme. The Roman, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic letter sets have certain customary names for demonstrating sound pictures yet there is no assurance that one sign will have just a single phonetic worth. The Devanagari content is a significant and generally utilized content of India. It is essentially used to compose Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, and Sanskrit dialects. It additionally fills in as a helper content for different dialects, for example, Punjabi, Sindhi, and Kashmiri.

VEDIC BRAHMI SCRIPT Vedas descended ages by oral instructing from the instructors or father's mouth to the under study or the child. The Brahmi content is a content advanced by the Vedic philologists after an investigation of wellsprings of sound from Ganesh Vidhya and the reasons for varieties of sound. Brahmi was particular and better than every single other content. Each sign can be either a straightforward consonant or the inborn vowel. It shows a similar consonant with an alternate vowel by drawing additional strokes, called matras, joined to the character. The Brahmi kept on spreading during Buddhist and Jain however the Aa kaar was absent. In any case, it turned into a lasting component in the Bhagwat Gita which is called 'Bharati Script'. The Bharati content started to develop in the Gupta period. The progress can be seen from the Brahmi content to the Bharati content to the Gupta content to Nagari content to Devanagari.

ANATOMY OF LETTERS

The Roman letter were categorized according to ascender, descender, serif, counter, loop, etc. But Devanagari letters till then had not been subjected to such a graphical analysis. One of the first attempt towards a graphical classification was done by S.V. Bhagwat (1961) in his thesis. Bhagwat's main insights on the graphical structure of Devanagari are enlightening. Bhagwat groups on the basis of graphical similarity and then he goes on to define the guide lines for the same graphical elements of letters. the top most lines are the Rafar line, followed by the Matra line and Head line. The Head line is also referred to as the Shirorekha. After the Shirorekha, the upper mean line and the lower mean line are indicated. These line are followed by the Base line, which is where the complete letter ends and the lower matras begin. The lower most line is the Rukar line where the lowest portion of the Rukar ends. Bapurao Naik also attempted a graphical grouping titles Graphical classification of Devanagari Varnas of letter. Naik graphically organics Devanagari letters into five groups based on the position of the Kana or Verti-bar. Creating a vocabulary for Devanagari was done by Mukund Gokhale, it was first published in 1975-76. Gokhale uses the body paradigm to describe the various portions of the letters. The lines defined by him are : Urdhavarekha, Shirorekha, Skandhrekha, Nabhirekha, Janurekha, Padrekha and Talrekha. regarding the proportion of the letters, Gokhale uses the strokes thickness as a base unit. Four strokes for upper matras, eight strokes for main characters and four strokes for upper bottom matras are necessary. A total of sixteen units of strokes can be considered as primary height of the letter. Bapurao Naik, also specify this units of heights, six strokes, for upper matra, twelfth stroke for main character and again six unit for bottom matras in total twenty four units. The description of the various parts of Devanagari letters by Gokhale is called Cartographic description of Devanagari in his article.

ROLE OF FONTS

Typography plays an important role as a medium of communication so it is necessary to determine what sort of information it provides. The arrangement of contents, colors, fonts and other minute details provide a way of communication between the viewer and the content. The fonts we use must add value and ultimately help reader to perceive information from the text. It's easy to attract the reader using typography but holding their attention requires more creativity. Irrespective of the importation, Indian languages has been seen facing problems. Pooja Saxena recalls being at school where, " the Hindi textbooks were uglier than the other books, because there was just one typeface in which everything was set." This does not create any mood or environment for the viewer to keep them engaged. Also lack of Hierarchy or cauterizing the texts inside a content makes the viewer lose their attention. A simple reason for this is that Devanagari is considered to be one of the most underrated language even though it stands third vividly spoken language across India. Its the Latin fonts that a designed first because they seem to be much simpler. Another draw-back of Devanagari fonts is that because of its horizontal approach it cannot be printed effectively, and hence, comes under the umbrella of 'INCOMPATIBLE WITH MODERNITY'.

BIASED APPROACH IN SCRIPT

Latin typefaces have taken over and occupied every medium. Even the local places/villages have Latin texts. Adding to that comes my main research of bi-scripts font. Basically, the bi-script font version is something that supports both Latin and Devanagari. This has been into notice for the past few decades. Unknowing we come across many examples of bi-scripts. Novels, Magazines, Newspaper, Movie posters consist of a bi-script font. For example, The Spiderman movie Poster on the right ( Fig 1.1 ) is in its original Type form. Where to the left ( Fig 1.2 )is the dubbed version ( Hindi ) Poster for the same. Here, instead of keeping everything similar, the creative team plans to change the lati text to its local language / dubbed language ( Devanagari ) with the same font style and similar characteristics. Now, remember The recreated fonts in the regional language do not exist in reality. They have just been recreated/redesigned so as to target the local audience. Another aspect of the bi-script font is that these fonts do not change the pronunciation of the actual Latin word. So here, Spiderman is written Spiderman even in the Devanagari fonts which doesn't change the actual meaning of it.

Here, are some other examples for a better clear view of the topic. Where the viewer is reading the same text but the display fonts are in different languages. In Novels,
What exactly is the use of such bi-script ? Why is it important ? Is it really impactful ? Why is it biased ? Reasons are mention below :
LACK OF SUITABLE FONTS Latin typefaces has evolved tremendously over decades. This brings in decrease use to the local languages in print as well as the digital realm. As discussed earlier, because the Devanagari type fonts lie under the category of ‘INCOMPATIBLE WITH MODERNITY’, we see Latin used everywhere. Be it print or digital medium Latin has taken over everything and is still expanding. Not only designers, even people who are new to this field of designing when builds any business, wants to deliver the “Brand name” in Latin. This is simply due to large availability of appropriate fonts in Latin. If he designs the same “Brand name” in Devanagari, he might not feel satisfied and later would shift to Latin and thus the coursing the same issue. So it is important to design fonts in local and regional languages so as to uplift them and make them versatile.
NEED FOR VARIETY Scripts and letterforms are important aspects of Languages. Typefaces are not mere chunks of text or information; they have a personality of their own. They communicate not just with the content they carry but also with their form. They convey a specific message and a typographer should make sure that they convey the appropriate message. The designer should consider the user group such as men, women, children, adults, students, etc. and the purpose of designing like an advertisement, publishing, identity, etc. Devanagari or any Indian scripts, they are no doubt very readable, but careful observation is needed regarding symmetry, structure, alignment in them. The new technology of lettering and composing where a designer can create different sizes and dimensions should meet the need of typeface design and variety in them as per the purpose.

BAUHAUS TYPOGRAPHY

The Bauhaus typography is particularly credited for the improvement of cutting edge realistic and mechanical plan. There have been various articles and studies on the impacts of the German school on the present workmanship world, yet today, we are deciding to zero in on the Bauhaus typography and present to you the most elite of this classification. Above all, we should think back on what Bauhaus is, and for what reason is it so significant. The Bauhaus School was established by Walter Gropius in Weimar in 1919. The development tried to use the twentieth century machine culture and make structures, plan, and furniture in a valuable way. The Bauhaus School showed typography, and they were solid supporters of sans-serif type, as they accepted that its rearranged mathematical structure was more engaging and helpful than the lavish German norm of blackletter typography. Bauhaus style of typography is viable in passing on the message of the plan. Adjusted format, amicable mathematical shapes, lively tones, and sans-serif letters in capitalized or lower case textual styles are straightforward however solid. Bauhaus design was level and vertical, however calculated too, or folded over items. One of the most outstanding models is the banner for Barack Obama's official mission, vigorously impacted by its German archetype. Thus, in the event that you need to see a portion of the fine instances of Bauhaus typography, look down and appreciate the effortlessness and intensity of these works.

MY APPROACH

As Bauhaus is known for its experimental and minimalistic approach. I though of recreating the Bauhaus font in Devanagari script. Here is the process:
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RESEARCH PAPER: ANALYSING DEVANAGRI TYPEFACE | 2021
Published:

RESEARCH PAPER: ANALYSING DEVANAGRI TYPEFACE | 2021

Published: